情况明、决心大、方法对

情况明、决心大、方法对

这是一个超级方法论或者说行为习惯或者说是成事法则

我第一次听到这个组合，不是从毛选中读的，我在毛选中没读过。

是听一个博主：胡说八道，说的，两年多以前了。

一、出处

"情况明、决心大、方法对"这九个字，并不在《毛选》的某一篇文章里，而是毛泽东在1961年1月的一次中央工作会议上说的。

背景：

  • 时间：1961年1月
  • 场合：中央工作会议（也叫"七千人大会"的预备会议）
  • 背景：正值"大跃进"造成严重后果，国民经济困难时期
  • 原话：

    "今后工作中要做到三条：情况明，决心大，方法对。"

这句话后来被收录在：

  • 《毛泽东文集》第八卷
  • 《建国以来毛泽东文稿》第九册

但是，虽然这九个字是在1961年才明确提出的，这套思想却贯穿了《毛选》的始终。

二、这套思想在《毛选》里的核心文章

情况明、决心大、方法对作为一个完整表述出现得晚，但它的思想源头可以追溯到《毛选》的多篇经典文章。：

1. 【情况明】的思想源头

最核心的文章：《反对本本主义》（1930年5月）

原名：《调查工作》

核心金句：

"没有调查，没有发言权。"
"你对于那个问题不能解决吗？那你就去调查那个问题的现状和它的历史吧！你完完全全调查明白了，你对那个问题就有解决的办法了。"

为什么重要： 这篇文章直接回答了"情况明"怎么做——通过调查研究。研究研究，调查调查，一定要有目的有问题方向去搞。

毛泽东在文中痛批那些不了解中国实际情况，只会背马列经典的教条主义者（"本本主义"），提出：

  • 调查研究是一切工作的基础
  • "中国革命斗争的胜利要靠中国同志了解中国情况"

第二重要：《实践论》（1937年7月）

副标题：论认识和实践的关系——知和行的关系

核心思想：

"实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的程度。"

为什么重要： 这篇文章从哲学高度论述了"情况明"的认识论基础：

  • 认识来自实践（不是坐在屋里想出来的）
  • 认识要回到实践中检验（不能纸上谈兵）
  • 要反复循环（情况是动态的，要持续调查）

对应九字真言：

  • 情况明 = 通过实践获得正确认识
  • 方法对 = 把正确认识用于指导实践

第三重要：《矛盾论》（1937年8月）

核心思想：

"研究问题，忌带主观性、片面性和表面性。"
"不同质的矛盾，只有用不同质的方法才能解决。"

为什么重要： 这篇文章教你"怎么把情况看明白"：

  • 分清主要矛盾和次要矛盾
  • 分清矛盾的主要方面和次要方面
  • 具体问题具体分析（不能一刀切）

**文中引用了"宋江三打祝家庄"**：

"《水浒传》上宋江三打祝家庄，两次都因情况不明，方法不对，打败了。后来改变方法，从调查情形入手，于是熟悉了盘陀路，拆散了李家庄、扈家庄和祝家庄的联盟，并且布置了藏在敌人营盘里的伏兵，用了和外国故事中所说木马计相像的方法，第三次就打了胜仗。"

《矛盾论》里已经明确说了"情况不明，方法不对"！

2. 【决心大】的思想源头

最核心的文章：《论持久战》（1938年5月）

背景：抗战初期，国内有"亡国论"和"速胜论"两种错误思潮

核心思想： 毛泽东通过深入分析中日双方的基本特点，得出结论：

  • 日本必败
  • 中国必胜
  • 但需要持久战（三个阶段：防御、相持、反攻）

**为什么这是"决心大"**： 因为毛泽东在最艰难的时刻（日军攻占大半个中国），通过对"情况"的深刻分析，给出了"必胜"的判断，这给了全国人民坚持下去的信心。

对应九字真言：

"情况越明，决心越大。"

毛泽东正是因为把中日双方的情况分析透了（情况明），所以才敢下"持久战必胜"的结论（决心大）。

第二重要：《愚公移山》（1945年6月）

背景：七大闭幕词

核心思想：

"现在也有两座压在中国人民头上的大山，一座叫做帝国主义，一座叫做封建主义。中国共产党早就下了决心，要挖掉这两座山。我们一定要坚持下去，一定要不断地工作，我们也会感动上帝的。这个上帝不是别人，就是全中国的人民大众。"

**为什么这是"决心大"**： 这篇讲话虽然简短，但体现了一种"明知山有虎，偏向虎山行"的决心——但这个决心不是盲目的，而是基于对"人民大众"力量的深刻认识（情况明）。

3. 【方法对】的思想源头

最核心的文章：《中国革命战争的战略问题》（1936年12月）

核心思想：

"战争的规律——这是任何指导战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。"
"中国革命战争的规律，这是任何指导中国革命战争的人不能不研究和不能不解决的问题。"

为什么重要： 这篇文章系统论述了"方法从哪里来"：

  • 不是照搬苏联的经验（教条主义）
  • 不是照搬中国古代的兵法（复古主义）
  • 而是从"中国革命战争的特殊性"中总结出来

提出了著名的战术原则：

  • "十六字诀"：敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追
  • "诱敌深入"
  • "集中优势兵力，各个歼灭敌人"

对应九字真言： 这些方法不是拍脑袋想出来的，而是基于对"敌强我弱"这个基本情况的认识，从实践中总结出来的。

第二重要：《论十大关系》（1956年4月）

核心思想：

"最近苏联方面暴露了他们在建设社会主义过程中的一些缺点和错误，他们走过的弯路，你还想走？过去我们就是鉴于他们的经验教训，少走了一些弯路，现在当然更要引以为戒。"

为什么重要： 这篇讲话体现了"方法对"的核心原则：

  • 不照搬别人的经验（哪怕是苏联老大哥）
  • 从中国的实际情况出发
  • "以苏为鉴"，走自己的路

三、九字真言的思想脉络总结

虽然"情况明、决心大、方法对"这九个字是1961年才说的，但这套思想在《毛选》里一以贯之：

九字真言 对应的哲学 核心文章 关键金句
情况明 认识论 《实践论》《矛盾论》《反对本本主义》 "没有调查，没有发言权"
决心大 信念论 《论持久战》《愚公移山》 "情况越明，决心越大"
方法对 方法论 《中国革命战争的战略问题》《论十大关系》 "具体问题具体分析"

四、为什么1961年才提出这九个字？

因为到了1961年，毛泽东需要总结"大跃进"的教训。

大跃进的错误，正是违反了这九个字：

  • 情况不明：对中国的生产力水平、资源状况缺乏深入调查，盲目提出"超英赶美"
  • 决心错位：决心很大，但建立在错误的情况判断上（高估了人的主观能动性）
  • 方法错误：用"大炼钢铁"、"亩产万斤"这种违背规律的方法

所以，1961年的这次讲话，本质上是一次痛定思痛的自我批评：

"我们今后不能再犯这种错误了。要做到：情况明，决心大，方法对。"

Clear Situation, Great Resolve, Correct Method

I. Source

The nine characters "Clear Situation, Great Resolve, Correct Method" (情况明、决心大、方法对) do not appear in any single article of the Selected Works. Instead, they were spoken by Mao Zedong at a Central Work Conference in January 1961.

Context:

  • Time: January 1961
  • Occasion: Central Work Conference (also known as the preparatory meeting for the "Seven Thousand Cadres Conference")
  • Background: During the period of severe national economic difficulties caused by the consequences of the "Great Leap Forward."
  • Original Quote:

"In our future work, we must achieve three things: clear situation, great resolve, and correct method."

This statement was later included in:

  • Collected Writings of Mao Zedong, Volume 8
  • Manuscripts of Mao Zedong Since the Founding of the PRC, Volume 9

However, although these nine characters were explicitly formulated in 1961, this system of thought permeates the entirety of the Selected Works.

II. Core Articles in the Selected Works Reflecting This Thought

While Clear Situation, Great Resolve, Correct Method appeared late as a complete phrase, its intellectual roots can be traced back to several classic articles in the Selected Works:

1. The Intellectual Source of [Clear Situation]

The Most Core Article: Oppose Book Worship (May 1930)

Original Title: Investigation Work

Core Golden Quotes:

"No investigation, no right to speak." "You can't solve that problem? Well, get down and investigate the present facts and its past history! When you have investigated the problem thoroughly, you will know how to solve it."

Why It Matters: This article directly answers how to achieve a "Clear Situation"—through investigation and research. Research and investigation must be done with a specific purpose and directed toward specific problems.

In this text, Mao fiercely criticized dogmatists ("Book Worshipers") who did not understand China's actual reality and could only recite Marxist-Leninist classics. He proposed:

  • Investigation is the foundation of all work.
  • "The victory of the Chinese revolutionary struggle depends on the Chinese comrades' understanding of Chinese conditions."

The Second Most Important: On Practice (July 1937)

Subtitle: On the Relation Between Knowledge and Practice, Between Knowing and Doing

Core Thought:

"Practice, knowledge, again practice, and again knowledge. This form repeats itself in endless cycles, and with each cycle the content of practice and knowledge rises to a higher level."

Why It Matters: This article discusses the epistemological basis of "Clear Situation" from a philosophical height:

  • Knowledge comes from practice (not from sitting in a room thinking).
  • Knowledge must be returned to practice for verification (no armchair strategies).
  • It requires repeated cycles (the situation is dynamic, so investigation must be continuous).

Correspondence to the "Nine-Character Mantra":

  • Clear Situation = Obtaining correct knowledge through practice.
  • Correct Method = Using correct knowledge to guide practice.

The Third Most Important: On Contradiction (August 1937)

Core Thought:

"In studying a problem, we must shun subjectivity, one-sidedness and superficiality." "Qualitatively different contradictions can only be resolved by qualitatively different methods."

Why It Matters: This article teaches you "how to see the situation clearly":

  • Distinguish between the principal contradiction and secondary contradictions.
  • Distinguish between the principal aspect and the secondary aspect of a contradiction.
  • Analyze concrete problems concretely (no "one size fits all").

The text cites "Song Jiang Attacking the Zhu Family Manor":

"In the novel Water Margin, Song Jiang thrice attacked the Zhu Family Manor. Twice he was defeated because he was ignorant of the local conditions and used the wrong method. Later he changed his method; first he investigated the situation, and he familiarized himself with the maze of roads, then he broke up the alliance between the Li, Hu and Zhu Villages and sent his men in disguise into the enemy camp as a Trojan horse. And on the third occasion he won."

On Contradiction explicitly states: "Ignorant of local conditions, used the wrong method" (Situation unclear, method incorrect)!

2. The Intellectual Source of [Great Resolve]

The Most Core Article: On Protracted War (May 1938)

Background: In the early stages of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, two erroneous trends of thought existed domestically: "Theory of National Subjugation" and "Theory of Quick Victory."

Core Thought: Through a deep analysis of the fundamental characteristics of both China and Japan, Mao concluded:

  • Japan will fail.
  • China will win.
  • But it requires a protracted war (Three stages: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, strategic counter-offensive).

Why This Is "Great Resolve": Because in the most difficult moment (when the Japanese army had occupied half of China), Mao used a profound analysis of the "situation" to provide a verdict of "inevitable victory," giving the whole nation the confidence to persist.

Correspondence to the "Nine-Character Mantra":

"The clearer the situation, the greater the resolve."

Mao dared to make the conclusion of "inevitable victory in a protracted war" (Great Resolve) precisely because he had thoroughly analyzed the conditions of both sides (Clear Situation).

The Second Most Important: The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains (June 1945)

Background: Closing speech at the Seventh National Congress.

Core Thought:

"Two big mountains lie like a dead weight on the Chinese people. One is imperialism, the other is feudalism. The Chinese Communist Party has long made up its mind to dig them up. We must persevere and work unceasingly, and we, too, will touch God's heart. This God is none other than the masses of the Chinese people."

Why This Is "Great Resolve": Although brief, this speech embodies a determination of "knowing there are tigers on the mountain, yet insisting on going to the mountain"—but this determination is not blind; it is based on a profound understanding of the power of the "masses" (Clear Situation).

3. The Intellectual Source of [Correct Method]

The Most Core Article: Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War (December 1936)

Core Thought:

"The laws of war—this is a problem that anyone directing a war must study and solve." "The laws of revolutionary war in China—this is a problem that anyone directing China's revolutionary war must study and solve."

Why It Matters: This article systematically discusses "where methods come from":

  • Not by copying Soviet experience (Dogmatism).
  • Not by copying ancient Chinese military strategy (Revivalism).
  • But by summarizing them from the "specific characteristics of China's revolutionary war."

Proposed Famous Tactical Principles:

  • "The 16-Character Formula": The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.
  • "Lure the enemy in deep."
  • "Concentrate superior forces to destroy the enemy forces one by one."

Correspondence to the "Nine-Character Mantra": These methods were not brainstormed out of thin air; they were summarized from practice based on the recognition of the basic situation: "the enemy is strong, and we are weak."

The Second Most Important: On the Ten Major Relationships (April 1956)

Core Thought:

"Recently the Soviet Union has exposed some defects and errors in their process of building socialism. Do you want to follow the detours they have taken? It was by drawing lessons from their experience that we were able to avoid certain detours in the past, and there is all the more reason for us to do so now."

Why It Matters: This speech embodies the core principle of "Correct Method":

  • Do not copy others' experiences blindly (even "Big Brother" Soviet Union).
  • Start from China's actual situation.
  • "Take the Soviet Union as a warning" and walk our own path.

III. Summary of the Intellectual Thread

Although the nine characters "Clear Situation, Great Resolve, Correct Method" were only spoken in 1961, this system of thought is consistent throughout the Selected Works:

Nine-Character Mantra Corresponding Philosophy Core Articles Key Golden Quote
Clear Situation Epistemology On Practice, On Contradiction, Oppose Book Worship "No investigation, no right to speak."
Great Resolve Belief System / Willpower On Protracted War, The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains "The clearer the situation, the greater the resolve."
Correct Method Methodology Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War, On the Ten Major Relationships "Analyze concrete problems concretely."

IV. Why Were These Nine Characters Only Proposed in 1961?

Because by 1961, Mao Zedong needed to summarize the lessons of the "Great Leap Forward."

The errors of the Great Leap Forward were precisely a violation of these nine characters:

  • Situation Unclear: Lack of deep investigation into China's productivity levels and resource conditions; blindly proposing to "surpass the UK and catch up with the USA."
  • Resolve Misplaced: The determination was great, but it was built on an incorrect judgment of the situation (overestimating human subjective initiative).
  • Method Incorrect: Using methods that violated objective laws, such as "backyard steel furnaces" and claiming "yields of ten thousand jin per mu."

Therefore, this speech in 1961 was essentially a painful self-criticism:

"We must not make such mistakes again in the future. We must achieve: Clear situation, great resolve, correct method."